The Northeast region of Brazil is made up of nine fascinating states: Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe and Bahia. This region is known as the birthplace of Brazil, as it was the first area of the country to be occupied by Portuguese colonizers. It is a region of great historical and cultural importance for the country, with a rich ethnic and cultural diversity.
The Northeast is known for its rich culture. The region is home to a multitude of artistic and folkloric expressions, from bumba meu boi in Maranhão to frevo in Pernambuco, including forró in Ceará and capoeira in Bahia. Furthermore, northeastern music is recognized nationally and internationally, with renowned artists who delight the ears of people around the world.
Regarding climate, the Northeast is predominantly hot and dry, with semi-arid characteristics in many areas. High temperatures and lack of rain represent a challenge for agriculture and the daily lives of people who inhabit the northeastern hinterland. However, the region also has beautiful beaches and an extensive coastline, which attracts tourists from all over in search of sun, sea and stunning landscapes.
Due to its distinct physical, social and economic characteristics, the Northeast is divided into four subregions: Mid-North, Sertão, Agreste and Zona da Mata. The Mid-North, located in the westernmost portion of the region, has Amazonian influences and has a more humid climate and exuberant vegetation. The Sertão is known for its arid landscape, with caatinga and cacti, and faces challenges related to water scarcity and desertification. Agreste is located between the Sertão and Zona da Mata, presenting a milder climate, suitable for agriculture. The Zona da Mata is marked by dense and humid vegetation, a region where sugarcane production and other agricultural crops are concentrated.
Each subregion has its particularities and challenges, but they all contribute to the diversity and cultural richness of the Northeast as a whole. These geographic divisions reflect the complexity and variety of landscapes, people and economic activities present in the region.
Biomes are large ecosystems that have specific characteristics in terms of species composition, flora, fauna and climate. Studying and understanding the characteristics of biomes is fundamental to realizing their importance in maintaining life on Earth. In the context of the biomes of the Brazilian Northeast, two of them stand out: the Caatinga and the Atlantic Forest. In addition, the Brazilian Northeast has, namely – the Cerrado (West of Bahia, Piauí and East of Maranhão), and the Amazon (West of Maranhão).
The Caatinga is the predominant biome in the Northeast region, covering most of the territory. It is characterized by a semi-arid climate, with long periods of drought and high temperatures. Its vegetation is adapted to adverse conditions, featuring xerophytic plants, such as cacti and bromeliads, as well as thorny shrubs. Despite its arid appearances, the Caatinga has a rich biodiversity, housing species adapted to water scarcity, such as the mandacaru, the baraúna and the nine-banded armadillo.
In turn, the Atlantic Forest is present on the northeastern coast, reaching as far as the state of Rio Grande do Norte. It is a biome characterized by lush and diverse vegetation, with large trees, epiphytes, bromeliads and orchids. The Atlantic Forest is recognized as one of the richest biomes in biodiversity in the world, housing a wide variety of animal and plant species, many of them endemic. Its conservation is extremely important for the maintenance of ecosystem services, such as climate regulation, the protection of water resources and the preservation of fauna and flora.
In summary, the biomes of the Brazilian Northeast – Caatinga, Atlantic Forest, Cerrado and Amazon – play a crucial role in preserving regional and global biodiversity. Each of them has distinct characteristics and is home to a wide variety of plant and animal species, many of which are endemic and under threat.
The conservation of these biomes is fundamental to ensuring the stability of ecosystems, climate regulation, the protection of water resources and the sustainability of local communities. It is imperative to recognize the importance of the biomes of the Brazilian Northeast and value the richness of its biodiversity.
Caatinga: The Resilient Semi-Arid Landscape of Northeastern Brazil
The Caatinga is one of the most characteristic and distinct biomes in Brazil. Its territorial extension covers a significant area of the Northeast, occupying eight states in the region, in addition to a portion of Minas Gerais. With approximately 10% of the national territory and 70% of the Northeast, the Caatinga stands out as an exclusively Brazilian biome.
The name Caatinga originates from the Tupi-Guarani language and refers to the “white forest or forest”. This name is related to the particularity of the biome, where many plants lose their leaves during the dry season, resulting in a predominantly white landscape. This unique characteristic gives the Caatinga a striking visual identity.
One of the main aspects of the Caatinga is its semi-arid climate. The biome has a peculiar rainfall system, which divides the year into two well-defined periods: rainy and dry. The rainy season occurs in a concentrated manner, generally between the months of January and May, with torrential and irregular rains. It is at this time that the biome transforms, gaining life and color with the flowering of plants.
However, the dry period is predominant in the Caatinga, lasting around 7 to 9 months, from June to December. During this phase, the lack of rain and high temperatures pose challenges for the flora and fauna that inhabit the biome. Plants develop special adaptations to survive a lack of water, such as deep roots, thick bark and thorns. Animals, such as birds, reptiles and mammals, also have resistance and water conservation strategies.
A variety of cacti, bromeliads, thorny shrubs and drought-resistant trees are found in this biome. This biome is home to a surprising variety of animals and plants adapted to the specific conditions of the region. Several species of birds, reptiles and mammals, such as the giant armadillo and the giant anteater, find their habitat in the Caatinga. It is often mistakenly believed that the aridity of the environment limits the presence of species, but the reality is quite different.
Regarding mammals, the Caatinga is home to approximately 178 species. Among them, the red brocket deer, the collared sloth and the giant anteater stand out. These animals have developed adaptation strategies, such as the ability to dig burrows and seek shelter during drier periods.
The birdlife of the Caatinga is also quite diverse, with around 591 species of birds catalogued. Among them, there are endemic species, that is, species that occur exclusively in this biome. The Spix's Macaw, considered the most endangered bird in Brazil, is an emblematic example of this wealth. Furthermore, Lear's macaw, red-tied hummingbird and white-winged bird are typical birds of this environment.
As for reptiles, around 177 species are recorded in the Caatinga. Snakes, lizards and turtles are examples of the reptilian fauna present in this biome. The coral snake stands out, which has a vibrant color and an important role in the food chain.
Amphibians are also present in the Caatinga, with approximately 79 species recorded. Toads and toads are found in different parts of this biome, adapting to dry conditions and reproducing during the rainy season.
Furthermore, the Caatinga is home to a great diversity of freshwater fish, accounting for around 241 species, and a variety of bees, with approximately 221 cataloged species.
Caatinga plants also show notable adaptations to the climate. Many of them have leaves modified into spines to prevent excessive water loss, while others have thick bark on the stems to withstand harsh conditions. During the dry period, vegetation loses its leaves, reducing its metabolic activity and resisting the scarcity of water resources.
Around half of the land in the Caatinga is of crystalline origin, characterized by hard and ancient matrix rocks that do not favor the accumulation of water. The other half is made up of sedimentary land, which has good groundwater storage capacity.
This diversity of rock origin results in a complex set of soils in the Caatinga, forming mosaics and distributed in different ways even over small distances. Soils in the Caatinga can vary from shallow to deep, from high to low fertility and from clayey to sandy textures. This variety of soils, combined with the characteristic relief, results in a diversity of landscapes and vegetation in the region.
The relief of the Caatinga is marked by mountains, plateaus, plateaus and the sertaneja depression. The mountains and plateaus, as they are the highest portions, have a milder climate and greater humidity due to the rain, which allows the development of larger and more closed forests. The backcountry depression, with shallow and stony soils, is home to low-sized plants, such as shrubs and cacti. Furthermore, it is possible to find rock outcrops known as “lajedos”, which act as unique ecosystems and are home to succulent plants, such as cacti and bromeliads.
As for rivers, most in the Caatinga are intermittent, that is, they only flow during the rainy season and remain dry during the dry season. Perennial rivers, which have running water all year round, are less common. The São Francisco River and the Parnaíba River are examples of large perennial rivers in the region. The formation of rivers in the Caatinga is influenced by the mountains and plateaus, which block rain clouds coming from the coast and allow the formation of hillside springs and humid areas.
The set of unique characteristics of the Caatinga, such as the semi-arid climate, the diversity of soils and the varied relief, make this biome considered special. Although there are other semi-arid regions in the world, the Caatinga stands out for its richness of exclusive species and its greater diversity in relation to these regions. Climatic events that occurred over thousands of years shaped life in the Caatinga, resulting in unique plant adaptations and the formation of endemic species.
The Caatinga is a unique and extremely sensitive ecosystem, which covers a significant area of the national territory. However, numbers show that several regions are suffering from high rates of deforestation, which represents a threat to their biodiversity and environmental balance.
According to the data, the state of Bahia leads the accumulated deforestation in the Caatinga, with a devastated area of 41,197.15 km², which corresponds to approximately 34.52% of the total. Next, we have Ceará, with 28,223.50 km² deforested, representing around 23.65% of the biome's area.
Other states also present worrying rates. Pernambuco records an accumulated deforestation of 11,293.98 km², corresponding to 9.46% of the total area of the Caatinga. In Paraíba, deforestation reaches 9,024.86 km², which represents 7.56% of the biome. Piauí and Rio Grande do Norte have similar numbers, with deforested areas of 9,004.11 km² (7.55%) and 8,645.01 km² (7.24%), respectively.
Minas Gerais, a state that is home to part of the Caatinga, is also facing worrying deforestation, with 7,420.45 km² (6.22%) of devastated area. Sergipe and Alagoas have smaller but still significant numbers, with 2,434.15 km² (2.04%) and 2,092.89 km² (1.75%) deforested, respectively.
Based on current statistical data, it is observed that some municipalities have significant deforested areas. The numbers indicate the degradation of a considerable portion of the natural environment in these locations.
In the municipality of Acopiara, for example, deforestation of 823.16 km² was recorded, corresponding to 0.69% of its total area.
The municipality of Wanderley also draws attention, with deforestation of 738.93 km², representing 0.62% of its extension.
Crateús, another municipality mentioned, has deforestation of 710.59 km², equivalent to 0.60% of its territory. These numbers indicate the pressure on natural resources in this region and reinforce the importance of seeking sustainable solutions to protect the environment.
Mombaça, Tauá and Bom Jesus da Lapa are also among the municipalities facing considerable deforestation. With deforested areas of 676.06 km², 662.39 km² and 657.56 km².
Muquém do São Francisco, Jaíba, Jacobina, Serra do Ramalho, Monte Santo, Itaberaba and Ruy Barbosa also face challenges related to deforestation, with deforested areas varying between 585.39 km² and 635.61 km².
Deforestation in indigenous areas is a serious concern, as it represents a direct threat to traditional territories and the preservation of the culture and ways of life of these communities. Statistical data on increases in deforestation accumulated in indigenous areas in the Caatinga reveal the urgency of effective actions to protect these spaces of great socio-environmental importance.
The Xacriabá Indigenous Area leads the list, with an accumulated deforestation of 81.17 km², corresponding to an impressive 22.42% of its total area. This number is alarming, as it indicates the significant loss of vegetation cover in this indigenous area, with serious consequences for biodiversity and the quality of life of the Xacriabá communities.
The Xukuru Indigenous Area also faces a high rate of deforestation, with 46.54 km² deforested, representing 12.85% of its extension.
Other indigenous areas, such as Tumbalalá, Fulni-ô, Kariri-Xocó and Xakriabá Rancharia, also suffer from considerable increases in accumulated deforestation, between 5% and 4% of their total areas, expressing the pressure exerted on these communities and the importance of conservation policies that take into account their needs and territorial rights.
Statistical data reveal an alarming reality regarding the accumulated deforestation in the Caatinga Conservation Units. Among the most affected areas, the Chapada do Araripe Environmental Protection Area stands out, which lost 2,067.42 km² of vegetation, representing 37.81% of the total deforested, followed by the Serra da Ibiapaba Environmental Protection Area, with 1,333.91 km² deforested. , corresponding to 24.40% of deforestation.
The Lago de Sobradinho Environmental Protection Area also presents a worrying situation, with deforestation of 519.82 km², representing 9.51% of the total. Next, we have the Dunas and Veredas do Baixo Médio São Francisco Environmental Protection Area, with 256.42 km² deforested (4.69% of total deforestation), and the Delta do Parnaíba Environmental Protection Area, with 133.13 km² deforested (2.431 TP3T of total deforestation).
Other affected areas include the Serra do Sabonetal Environmental Protection Area, with 123.25 km² deforested (2.25% of total deforestation), the Marimbus/Iraquara Environmental Protection Area, with 113.10 km² deforested (2.07% of the total), and the Serras e Brejos do Capibaribe Environmental Protection Area, with 106.27 km² deforested (1.94% of deforestation).
Furthermore, the Boqueirão da Onça Environmental Protection Area recorded deforestation of 88.14 km² (1.61% of the total), followed by the Piquiri-Una Environmental Protection Area, with 84.60 km² deforested (1.55% of total deforestation) . The Rio Preto Environmental Protection Area suffered deforestation of 75.40 km² (1.38% of the total).
The Armadillo Wildlife Refuge was impacted by deforestation in an area of 40.28 km² (0.74% of total deforestation). Finally, the Bonfim/Guaraíra Environmental Protection Area had deforestation of 37.31 km². These data illustrate the urgency of adopting effective measures to combat deforestation and guarantee the conservation of Caatinga Conservation Units. Awareness about the importance of conserving the Caatinga and the need to preserve its biodiversity must be disseminated locally, regionally and globally.
The Caatinga is a natural heritage of Brazil and represents a valuable part of the country's diversity. Its value goes beyond its physical and climatic characteristics, also encompassing the culture, history and identity of the populations that inhabit this region.
Preserving the Atlantic Forest: A Call to Action for a Sustainable Future
The Atlantic Forest is one of the richest and most threatened biomes in Brazil. Stretching along the country's east coast, from Rio Grande do Norte to Rio Grande do Sul, this ecosystem is home to an incredible diversity of plant and animal species, as well as playing a fundamental role in climate regulation and resource conservation. water.
This Biome passes through the territories of the states of Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro and Santa Catarina, and part of the territory of the states of Alagoas, Bahia, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Paraíba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo and Sergipe. It presents a variety of formations, encompassing a diverse set of forest ecosystems with very different structure and floristic compositions, following the climatic characteristics of the region where it occurs.
Around 70% of the Brazilian population lives in the Atlantic Forest territory. Springs and springs supply cities, being one of the factors that have contributed to water crisis problems, associated with scarcity, waste, misuse of water, deforestation and pollution.
The Atlantic Forest is a region of incredible richness and diversity, characterized by its exuberant vegetation and adapted to high humidity conditions. In this biome, we find a variety of species, from bryophytes to vines and orchids, which contribute to the beauty and uniqueness of this ecosystem.
The fauna is equally remarkable, with many endemic species found nowhere else in the world. Among the most common animals are amphibians, with a wide variety of anurans, as well as mammals and birds of different species. Orographic rains, influenced by the elevations of the plateau and mountains, contribute to the high precipitation in this region.
The biodiversity of the Atlantic Forest is comparable to that of the Amazon, encompassing diverse ecosystems depending on variations in latitude and altitude. There are pioneer formations, resulting from favorable climatic conditions or recovery processes, in addition to areas of high altitude fields and contact tension enclaves. The interface between these areas creates unique conditions for fauna and flora, providing a great diversity of species.
The Atlantic Forest, in addition to its beauty and exuberance, also holds world records when it comes to biodiversity. This region is home to an impressive number of tree species, with a record of 454 species per hectare recorded in Southern Bahia. This arboreal diversity contributes to the complexity and richness of this ecosystem.
In terms of animals, the Atlantic Forest is truly surprising. It is estimated that there are approximately 1,600,000 species of animals in this region, including a wide variety of insects.
When it comes to vertebrates, the Atlantic Forest also boasts extraordinary numbers. Mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians total 1361 species, 567 of which are endemic, that is, found exclusively in this region. Furthermore, among the vertebrate groups, felines deserve to be highlighted, with 3% of the world's species found in this biome. These endemic species are particularly vulnerable to environmental threats and play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance.
Unfortunately, the Atlantic Forest has suffered an intense process of deforestation over the years, mainly due to agricultural expansion, urbanization and uncontrolled exploitation of natural resources. Deforestation has resulted in the loss of much of its original forest cover, leading to the decline and even extinction of several endemic species.
Currently, it is estimated that less than 12% of the original Atlantic Forest vegetation is still preserved, making it one of the most threatened biomes in the world. This alarming scenario demands urgent preservation and recovery actions, aiming to protect the unique biodiversity and essential ecosystem services that the biome offers.
The accumulated deforestation in the Atlantic Forest reveals a worrying scenario in several Brazilian states. Based on updated data from 2023, we can observe increases in deforestation in each region.
Minas Gerais occupies first place in this sad ranking, with an accumulated deforestation of 14,182.18 km², corresponding to 22,62% of the total. Next, we have Bahia, with 13,720.81 km² deforested, representing 21,89% of the total. These alarming numbers highlight the pressure on the Atlantic Forest in these two states.
Other states that also have high deforestation rates are Rio Grande do Sul, with 6,930.66 km² (11,06%); Santa Catarina, with 6,619.03 km² (10,56%); and Paraná, with 6,527.79 km² (10,41%). These numbers highlight the extent of deforested areas and the urgency of effective conservation actions in these locations.
It is important to highlight that deforestation also affects other states, such as Pernambuco, with 3,612.94 km² (5,76%); São Paulo, with 2,810.37 km² (4,48%); Alagoas, with 2,307.75 km² (3,68%); Espírito Santo, with 1,865.19 km² (2,98%); Sergipe, with 1,780.33 km² (2,84%); Paraíba, with 766.33 km² (1,22%); Mato Grosso do Sul, with 599.07 km² (0.96%); and Rio de Janeiro, with 549.87 km² (0.88%).
These data reveal the extent of deforestation in the Atlantic Forest and the urgent need to intensify conservation and preservation efforts in this important biome. Deforestation compromises not only the region's unique biodiversity, but also essential ecosystem services such as climate regulation, water resource conservation and soil protection.
Deforestation in Brazil's indigenous areas has been a sad reality that threatens the environmental and cultural diversity of these territories. The alarming data reveals the extent of the problem, highlighting specific areas of the Brazilian Northeast that have suffered from rampant deforestation.
At the top of the list, we have the Caramuru/Paraguassu area, covering a worrying area of 74.42 km², corresponding to 20.98% of total deforestation in the region. Next, we have Tupinambá de Olivença, with 50.05 km² (14.11%), and Wassu-Cocal Reestudo, with 36.99 km² (10.43%). These numbers represent significant losses not only in terms of deforested area, but also in relation to biodiversity and natural resources essential to indigenous communities.
Conservation Units play a fundamental role in protecting the Atlantic Forest, one of the most threatened biomes in Brazil. These preserved areas have as their main objective the conservation of biodiversity, the protection of ecosystems and the promotion of the sustainable use of natural resources. Among the Conservation Units that make up the Atlantic Forest, those that show the largest increases in accumulated deforestation stand out.
At the top of this list, we have the Alto do Mucuri Environmental Protection Area, with an accumulated deforestation of 400.03 km², which represents 10,16% of its total area. Next comes the Muricí Environmental Protection Area, with 292.42 km² deforested (7,43%), and the Serra do Ouro Environmental Protection Area, with 199.42 km² deforested (5,06%).
In addition to those mentioned, other important areas also face significant challenges, such as the Serra da Esperança State Environmental Protection Area (184.36 km² – 4,68%) and the Devonian Escarpment State Environmental Protection Area (181.35 km² – 4,61% ).
It is important to highlight that these Conservation Units have rich biodiversity and are home to endemic and endangered species. For example, the Litoral Norte Environmental Protection Area (179.09 km² – 4,55%) and the Caminhos Ecológicos da Boa Esperança Environmental Protection Area (152.83 km² – 3,88%) are habitats for a great diversity of animal and plant species. .
The Ilhas e Várzeas do Rio Paraná Environmental Protection Area (150.84 km² – 3,83%), the Lagoa Encantada Environmental Protection Area (120.70 km² – 3,07%) and the Rota do Sol Environmental Protection Area (93.13 km² – 2,37%) also face significant challenges in relation to deforestation and the conservation of their ecosystems.
Another important Conservation Unit present in the Atlantic Forest is the APA Serra do Mar (89.41 km² – 2,27%), which covers an extensive area and has a great diversity of landscapes and ecosystems. APA Serra do Mar plays a fundamental role in protecting biodiversity and conserving the biome's remaining forests.
Cerrado in the Northeast: Uncovering the Brazilian Savanna in Northeastern Lands
The Cerrado, one of Brazil's five major biomes, covers an extensive area of approximately 25% of the national territory. It extends over approximately 1.8 to 2 million square kilometers, covering several states, such as Goiás, Tocantins, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Distrito Federal, Bahia, Maranhão, Piauí and parts of São Paulo. Furthermore, it is also possible to find small portions of cerrado in other states or in separate areas within other biomes, such as the Amazon Rainforest.
Considered the second largest plant formation in the country, right after the Amazon Forest, the Cerrado is characterized by great biological diversity. Furthermore, more than 40% of woody plant species and 50% of bees found in the Cerrado are endemic, that is, they are only found in this region.
The distribution and extent of the Cerrado are influenced by the tropical climate prevailing in the region. Precipitation varies from 750 to 2000 mm per year, with an average rainfall between 1100 and 1600 mm per year in most of the biome. It has two distinct climatic seasons: the dry season, which lasts approximately five months (from May to October), and the rainy season, which occurs for the remainder of the year (from October to May).
The Cerrado, in addition to its characteristic vegetation and terrestrial biodiversity, also houses a variety of aquatic environments essential for the balance of the biome. Among these environments, we find springs, ephemeral lagoons, swamps such as buritizais and veredas, as well as rivers and streams that form the main hydrographic basins in Brazil.
In the Cerrado core, the Paraná, Amazon and Eastern Brazil Domains are located. The Paraná Domain encompasses the headwaters of the Paranaíba River, its tributaries on the left bank and some tributaries on the right bank, such as the São Marcos River. The Eastern Domain of Brazil covers the sources of the São Francisco River, in the state of Minas Gerais, and tributaries on the left bank, such as the Paracatu River and the Urucuia River. The Amazon Domain covers the courses of the Upper and Middle Araguaia River and Tocantins River, in addition to the upper courses of some tributaries of the Xingu, Tapajós and Madeira rivers.
Furthermore, there are significant connections between the headwaters of the rivers that form the Tocantins, São Francisco and Parnaíba river basins, forming areas known as “Águas Amendmentadas”. These areas are located in the states of Goiás, Minas Gerais and the Federal District. These regions play a fundamental role in regulating water flow, contributing to the maintenance of aquatic ecosystems and the water supply in different regions of the country.
The Cerrado's aquatic environments are vital for wildlife and play a fundamental role in maintaining the biome's biodiversity and ecological cycles. They provide habitats for a variety of aquatic species such as fish, amphibians, reptiles and waterfowl. Furthermore, these environments are crucial for supplying water to the Cerrado vegetation and to the human communities that depend on the water resources in these regions.
However, like the rest of the Cerrado, aquatic environments face significant threats, including deforestation, water contamination, habitat fragmentation and dam construction. These human activities have negative impacts on water quality, aquatic biodiversity and the ecosystem services provided by these environments.
In the Cerrado biome, current statistics show a worrying situation regarding deforestation and loss of vegetation. Consolidated deforestation represents the largest proportion of outbreaks, totaling 101,502, which corresponds to 42.6% of the total. This means that a large area of land has already been converted to other uses, such as agriculture, livestock or urbanization.
Primary vegetation, which is the most preserved and natural form of the Cerrado, also suffered a high number of deforestation outbreaks, totaling 94,415, which represents 39.6% of the total. This data is alarming, as it indicates that even the most valuable and intact areas of the biome are being impacted by deforestation.
Recent deforestation, which are recently deforested areas, recorded 39,694 outbreaks, which is equivalent to 16.6% of the total. This suggests that pressure on the Cerrado continues, with the conversion of new areas for different human activities.
Other categories, such as “others” and secondary vegetation, also presented a significant number of deforestation hotspots, with 1,929 and 952 hotspots, respectively. Although they represent a smaller percentage of the total, they are still worrying, as they indicate the continued loss of natural areas and the reduction in the diversity and quality of Cerrado ecosystems.
The numbers show that Tocantins and Goiás lead the accumulated deforestation in the Cerrado, with deforested areas of 48,293.33 km² and 48,229.04 km², respectively. These values represent 16,08% and 16,06% of the total deforested, highlighting the pressure on these states in particular.
Other states also record significant levels of accumulated deforestation, such as Maranhão and Mato Grosso, with 45,595.89 km² and 45,167.64 km² deforested, corresponding to 15.18% and 15.04%, respectively. Minas Gerais and Bahia are also among the most affected states, with 41,409.34 km² and 24,984.72 km² deforested, representing 13,79% and 8,32% of the total, respectively.
Regarding deforestation in indigenous areas in the northeast region, at the top of the list, we have the Bacurizinho Indigenous Land, with an accumulated deforestation of 207.00 km², representing 10.17% of the total. Soon after, we find the Porquinhos dos Canela-Apãnjekra Indigenous Land, with 203.15 km² of accumulated deforestation, corresponding to 9.98% of the total.
Other indigenous lands also face serious challenges. The Wedezé Indigenous Land records an accumulated deforestation of 133.90 km², representing 6.58% of the total. Next, we have the Utiariti Indigenous Land, with 108.84 km² deforested, equivalent to 5.35% of the total.
Deforestation in the Paresi, Cana Brava/Guajajara, Areões, Krikati, Kanela Memortumré, Bakairi, Menkü, Parque do Araguaia and Uirapuru indigenous lands also deserves attention. These areas, in general, are suffering significant losses of vegetation cover, threatening biological diversity and compromising the ways of life of indigenous communities who depend on these ecosystems for their subsistence.
These numbers are worrying, as they indicate a considerable loss of natural areas in the Cerrado, which has significant consequences for biodiversity, water resources and the region's ecological balance. Deforestation in these areas compromises the survival of unique plant and animal species, as well as contributing to the emission of greenhouse gases and the loss of vital ecosystem services.
The Cerrado biome covers a vast territorial extension in the Brazilian states, and conservation units play a crucial role in preserving this important ecosystem. However, the most recent statistical data reveals an alarming panorama regarding the accumulated deforestation in these protected areas.
Among the Cerrado conservation units, the state of Tocantins recorded the largest increase in accumulated deforestation, with a deforested area of 48,293.33 km², representing 16.08% of the total deforested. Next, we have Goiás, with 48,229.04 km² deforested (16.06%), and Maranhão, with 45,595.89 km² deforested (15.18%). These numbers reveal the magnitude of the challenge faced in protecting the Cerrado in these regions.
Other states that have high rates of accumulated deforestation are Mato Grosso, with 45,167.64 km² deforested (15.04%), and Minas Gerais, with 41,409.34 km² deforested (13.79%). These numbers reflect the constant pressure on conservation areas in these states, putting the Cerrado's biodiversity and natural resources at risk.
With regard to specific conservation units, the Ilha do Bananal/Cantão Environmental Protection Area is the one with the largest increase in accumulated deforestation, covering an area of 4,767.84 km², which represents 26.30% of total deforestation in the units of conservation of the Cerrado. In second place, we have the Rio Preto Environmental Protection Area, with 2,466.60 km² deforested (13.60%).
Other conservation units also suffer from accumulated deforestation, such as the Upaon-Açu/Miritiba/Alto Preguiças Environmental Protection Area, with 1,093.13 km² deforested (6.03%), and the Rio de Janeiro Basin Environmental Protection Area , with 997.05 km² deforested (5.50%). These numbers highlight the urgency of effective actions to halt deforestation in these protected areas and guarantee the conservation of the Cerrado.
The Amazon in the Northeast: An Ecosystem of Surprising Beauty
The Amazon Rainforest is the most famous and extensive biome in Brazil, covering almost half of its territory. Furthermore, this lush forest extends into parts of other neighboring countries, forming a unique and diverse ecosystem. Its natural wealth has attracted researchers from all over the world over the centuries, interested in unveiling its secrets and preserving its magnificence.
The Amazon covers nine Brazilian states – Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima, Tocantins, Mato Grosso and Maranhão, a true treasure of biodiversity. With its impressive 5 million square kilometers, it is the largest biome in Brazil and is home to an unparalleled wealth of wildlife and lush vegetation.
In addition to its impressive biodiversity and climate function, the Amazon Rainforest is also a home to millions of people, including indigenous communities. This region is home to the largest indigenous population in the country and has important cities, such as Belém and Manaus.
In the heart of the Amazon, we find a population of around 433 thousand indigenous people, whose cultures and traditions are intrinsically linked to this vast forest. Their lives and ancestral knowledge are fundamental to the preservation of this unique ecosystem.
The diversity of plants in the Amazon is simply stunning. With approximately 30,000 cataloged plant species, including majestic trees, colorful flowers and valuable medicinal plants, the Amazon rainforest is a true botanical paradise.
The fauna is also extraordinary. With an estimated 30 million animal species, the fauna of the Amazon is truly impressive. The region is home to 311 species of mammals, such as the jaguar, the pink dolphin and the sloth, which play crucial roles in the local ecology. Furthermore, there are more than 1,300 species of birds, such as the blue macaw, the toucan and the parrot, which fill the Amazonian skies with their colors and melodious songs. But most of the Amazon fauna is made up of insects, such as beetles, moths, ants and wasps, which play fundamental roles in local ecosystems.
Reptiles also play an important role in the Amazon ecosystem, with 350 different species, including alligators, turtles and snakes. Amphibians are also abundant, with 163 species of frogs, toads and tree frogs contributing to the complex web of life in the region.
Despite all this diversity, the Amazon faces significant threats. Around 152 plant species and 24 animal species are currently threatened with extinction.
In the Amazon rivers, we find an impressive aquatic wealth, with approximately 1,800 species of fish. These rivers are vital habitats for many species, including the Amazon manatee.
The plant diversity of the Amazon Rainforest is equally spectacular. Divided into three main categories, the terra firma, floodplain and igapó forests – they are home to giant trees such as the chestnut and kapok, considered the “queen of the forest”. In lower, periodically flooded areas, lower vegetation appears, such as bushes, vines, mosses and the memorable water lily. Orchids and bromeliads also beautify the landscape, providing a spectacle of colors and shapes.
Although the Amazon Forest has already been called the “lungs of the world”, studies show that oxygen production is balanced by the forest’s own consumption of carbon dioxide. However, its importance for climate regulation is unquestionable. The forest stores approximately a fifth of the planet's fresh water and plays a crucial role in cloud formation and rainfall distribution, directly influencing the climate in South America.
The soil of the Amazon rainforest is generally quite sandy. It has a thin layer of nutrients that is formed from the decomposition of leaves, fruits and dead animals. This layer is rich in humus, organic matter that is very important for some plant species in the region. In deforested areas, heavy rains “wash” the soil, carrying its nutrients. It's called the leaching process, which leaves Amazonian soils even poorer. Only 14% of the entire territory can be considered fertile for agriculture.
Unfortunately, the Amazon Forest faces major threats, such as deforestation and fires. Logging and agricultural expansion, mainly for cattle raising, have caused the loss of vast areas of forest and the extinction of several species.
Statistical data from 2023 indicates deforestation in the Legal Amazon, highlighting the extent of the problem in each state in the region. These statistics provide a clear view of the most affected areas and allow us to understand the severity of deforestation and its impacts on the forest and biodiversity.
The state of Pará leads the ranking with a deforested area of 49,561.45 km², representing 41.13% of the total deforested in the Legal Amazon. These impressive numbers highlight the urgency of action to combat deforestation in this region. Massive deforestation in Pará represents a significant threat to the tropical forest and its natural riches.
In second place, we have Mato Grosso, with 22,577.88 km² deforested, which corresponds to 18.73% of the total. This state, known for its agricultural activity, faces challenges related to the expansion of cultivation and pasture areas, which result in habitat loss and forest fragmentation.
Rondônia, occupying third place, records deforestation of 15,576.31 km² (12.92% of the total). This state has historically been affected by deforestation due to activities such as logging and land conversion for agricultural purposes. Deforestation in Rondônia highlights the need for effective measures to contain this destruction.
Amazonas, with a deforested area of 15,453.60 km² (12,82%), occupies fourth place in this sad ranking. Considered the largest state in the Legal Amazon, deforestation in this region has significant impacts on biodiversity and the ecosystem services provided by the forest, such as climate regulation and the maintenance of water resources.
The other states also present worrying numbers. Acre records 6,356.45 km² (5.27%); Maranhão, 6,175.60 km² (5.12%); Roraima, 3,657.82 km² (3.04%); Tocantins, 694.58 km² (0.58%); and Amapá, 460.09 km² (0.38%). Although deforested areas may vary in extent, they all contribute to biodiversity loss, climate change and other negative impacts.
According to data on deforestation – at municipal level – we have Altamira at the far end, with a deforested area of 6,127.36 km², representing a significant portion of the total deforested in the Legal Amazon. This municipality, located in the state of Pará, faces significant challenges in relation to deforestation due to activities such as the expansion of agriculture and the construction of infrastructure.
Next is São Félix do Xingu, also located in Pará, with a deforested area of 5,522.99 km². This municipality has historically been impacted by deforestation due to logging, agricultural expansion and extensive livestock farming.
Porto Velho, capital of Rondônia, occupies third place, with a deforested area of 4,833.14 km². The strategic location of this municipality, close to border areas and important transport routes, contributes to pressure on the tropical forest.
Lábrea, located in the state of Amazonas, records a deforested area of 3,701.31 km², occupying fourth position on the list. This municipality faces challenges related to illegal logging, land grabbing and unsustainable agricultural activities.
In fifth place, we have Novo Progresso, in Pará, with a deforested area of 2,814.46 km². This municipality also suffers from the advance of agriculture and the opening of new areas for cultivation and pasture.
The other municipalities also present worrying numbers in relation to deforestation, including Colniza, Novo Repartimento, Apuí, Pacajá, Itaituba, Portel, Nova Mamoré and Novo Aripuanã.
Regarding deforestation that occurred on indigenous lands in the Legal Amazon, Apyterewa is the most affected indigenous land, with a deforested area of 455.83 km², representing 11,45% of the total deforested on indigenous lands in the region. The destruction of this indigenous land, located in Pará, is worrying, as it directly affects the lives and livelihoods of the communities that live there.
Cachoeira Seca occupies second place, with a deforested area of 418.05 km², corresponding to 10,50% of deforestation on indigenous lands. This indigenous land, also located in Pará, faces serious challenges related to the invasion of illegal loggers and the advance of agriculture.
Ituna/Itatá, located in Pará, has use restrictions due to the presence of isolated indigenous groups. The FUNAI (National Indian Foundation) Ordinance prohibited the stay and entry of people who are not part of Funai's staff and people who are not indigenous. Those that do not fit into this group can be considered invasive, which requires even greater protection to guarantee their preservation. It has a deforested area of 238.24 km², representing 5,98% of total deforestation.
Other indigenous lands affected by deforestation include Maraiwatsede, Trincheira Bacaja, Yanomami, Awa, Kayapó, Alto Rio Guamá, Parque do Xingu, Munduruku, Alto Turiaçu and Bacurizinho. All of these indigenous lands face pressures resulting from the illegal exploitation of natural resources, land grabbing and invasions.
There was also deforestation in some of the Conservation Units (CUs) in the Legal Amazon, highlighting the most affected areas.
The Triunfo do Xingu Environmental Protection Area is the most affected UC, with an increase in accumulated deforestation of 4,069.92 km², representing 35,00% of the total deforestation in the UCs. This data is alarming, as this area is crucial for the protection of flora, fauna and natural resources present in the region.
The Jamanxim National Forest occupies second place, with accumulated deforestation of 1,134.62 km², corresponding to 9,76% of the total. This UC is known for its rich biodiversity and for housing threatened species, which highlights the urgency in strengthening their protection.
The Jaci-Paraná Extractive Reserve is in third place, with an increase in accumulated deforestation of 1,075.78 km², representing 9,25% of total deforestation. This UC plays an important role in promoting the sustainable use of natural resources by traditional communities living in the region.
Other UCs affected by deforestation include the Tapajós Environmental Protection Area, the Chico Mendes Extractive Reserve, the Altamira National Forest, the Tucuruí Lake Environmental Protection Area, the Guajará-Mirim State Park, the Terra do Meio Ecological Station , the Baixada Maranhense Environmental Protection Area, the Upaon-Açu / Miritiba / Alto Preguiças Environmental Protection Area, the Gurupi Biological Reserve and the Nascentes Serra do Cachimbo Biological Reserve.
Biodiversity Conservation in the Brazilian Northeast: An Alliance in Defense of Nature
The Northeast region of Brazil is home to an immense diversity of ecosystems and species that make up its rich biome. From the lush tropical forests to the delicate mangroves and the impressive plateaus, the biodiversity of the Northeast is a natural treasure that deserves to be preserved and protected.
The conservation of biodiversity in the Brazilian Northeast has become a growing concern, driven by the understanding of the importance of these ecosystems for the health of the planet and the well-being of local communities. Fortunately, we have seen an alliance that is increasingly stronger and more committed to defending nature in this region.
Several institutions, non-governmental organizations, researchers, local communities and governments have come together in favor of biodiversity conservation in the Northeast. These partnerships have been fundamental for the development and implementation of projects and actions that aim to preserve natural resources, protect endangered species and promote the sustainable use of natural resources.
It is essential that public policies are more effective in promoting the productive and environmental recovery of degraded areas of the Caatinga, especially permanent preservation areas (APPs) and Legal Reserves. The implementation of conservation plans aimed at endangered species is also urgent and necessary.
The Caatinga Sustainable Development Policy is an important step in this direction. However, it is essential that its implementation is closely monitored, with concrete and effective actions. Furthermore, existing laws and regulations, such as the National System of Protected Areas, the National Environmental Policy, the Public Forest Management Law and the Forest Code, play a crucial role in protecting the various Brazilian biomes, including the Caatinga.
Brazil has adopted a series of measures and programs to protect and preserve the environment, especially in the Amazon region. Some of these actions stand out as important strategies for combating illegal deforestation, valuing nature conservation and promoting environmental sustainability.
One of these initiatives is Operation Verde Brasil 2, launched in May 2022. This operation aims to combat environmental crimes, fires and deforestation in the Legal Amazon. It has the participation of institutions such as the Federal Police, the Federal Highway Police, Ibama, ICMBio (Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation), among other environmental control and public safety bodies.
The Floresta + Program is another relevant action, aimed at valuing and compensating those who preserve and care for the Brazilian native forest. Using resources from the Green Climate Fund, the program pays for nature protection, conservation and recovery activities in the Legal Amazon. In this way, several land categories are covered, from private and permanent preservation areas to settlements, indigenous lands and conservation units.
Furthermore, Brazil seeks to stand out in the carbon credits market through the Floresta + Carbono program. This program aims to generate carbon credits from the conservation and recovery of native vegetation. Companies that are unable to reduce their carbon emissions can offset them by investing in projects to preserve and recover native forests.
To combat illegal deforestation, the Federal Government created the Executive Commission for Control of Illegal Deforestation in 2022. This commission is responsible for proposing plans and guidelines to prevent and control illegal deforestation, in addition to coordinating the implementation of the National Forest Recovery Policy. Native vegetation.
The National System for Controlling the Origin of Forest Products (Sinaflor +) was launched in 2022 to strengthen control and combat illegal deforestation in the Amazon. This initiative allows the origin of wood to be tracked, bringing more security to the timber sector and helping to prevent fraud.
The Adapta Brasil platform, developed by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation in partnership with the National Institute for Space Research (Inpe), brings together indicators and impacts of climate change in Brazil. This tool assists the public sector in adopting protective measures and developing public policies to adapt to climate change.
The need to preserve and conserve the Cerrado, one of the richest and most diverse biomes in Brazil, gains prominence with Bill (PL) 5,462/2019, which aims to establish a sustainable development policy for the Cerrado, with the main objective of protecting , regenerate and use environmental resources responsibly.
One of the fundamental measures proposed by the project is the protection of at least 17% of the land areas and continental waters of the Cerrado through the creation of full protection conservation units. These protected areas will be effectively managed and integrated into broader landscapes, aiming to guarantee the preservation of biodiversity and the maintenance of ecosystem services.
Furthermore, the project sets the goal of reducing the rate of illegal deforestation in the Cerrado to zero, within ten years.
The 1988 Federal Constitution recognized the Atlantic Forest as a national heritage, along with other Brazilian ecosystems, such as the Amazon Forest, Serra do Mar, Pantanal Mato Grosso and the Coastal Zone. This constitutional protection established a prohibition on the felling of primary forest, seeking to guarantee the preservation of this very important biome.
To further strengthen the protection of the Atlantic Forest, the Atlantic Forest policy was established, through the Guidelines for the Conservation and Sustainable Development Policy of the Atlantic Forest, in 1998. This policy's main objectives are the preservation of biodiversity, the development sustainability of natural resources and the recovery of degraded areas. It provides guidelines and instruments for the integrated management and recovery of the Atlantic Forest, seeking to balance environmental conservation with the socioeconomic development of the region.
Furthermore, there are initiatives in the Biodiversity and Climate Change in the Atlantic Forest project (Mata Atlântica project), coordinated by the Ministry of the Environment – MMA, in the context of Brazil-Germany Cooperation for Sustainable Development, within the scope of the International Climate Protection Initiative – IKI of the German Ministry for the Environment, Nature Protection, Building and Nuclear Safety – BMUB.
The objective of the project is to promote the conservation of biodiversity and the recovery of native vegetation in three mosaic regions of conservation units in the Atlantic Forest, in order to contribute to the mitigation and adaptation to climate change. Additionally, actors working in the Atlantic Forest in the Northeast region, located in the states of Sergipe, Alagoas, Pernambuco, Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Piauí and Ceará, were included, with a specific focus on capacity development and institutional strengthening measures.
Under this premise, the Oakpar Foundation develops the Biomas do Brasil Program, whose mission is to combat climate change and its impacts, promoting the preservation of the environment and mitigating the effects of global warming caused by human actions.
Its main objective is to disseminate the ecological, genetic, social, economic, scientific, educational, cultural, recreational and aesthetic values of biodiversity, promoting the conservation of remaining natural resources and areas of great importance to humanity.
It seeks to reinforce resilience and adaptation capacity to climate risks and natural disasters, in addition to promoting socio-environmental awareness and the defense and conservation of natural resources threatened by activities such as real estate speculation, fires, mineral extraction and predatory exploitation of fauna and flora.
Discover the Biomas do Brasil Program
The Brazilian Biomes Program will be implemented in preserved and/or impacted areas, with biological relevance and natural landscape value, in the six Brazilian biomes: Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, Pantanal, Pampa and Caatinga. Its focus is on the creation and maintenance of conservation units of full protection and sustainable use, especially environmental parks in the form of Private Natural Heritage Reserves (RPPNs). These areas will feature improvements and structures for conservation and public visitation, such as botanical spaces with artisanal items and seedlings of Brazilian flora species, and arboretums with nurseries, orchids, herbariums, butterfly gardens, trees, shrubs and ornamental, medicinal, edible and herbaceous plants . Therefore, preserving Brazil's biomes is protecting the essence of life in all its forms, ensuring a sustainable future for present and future generations.
